Īs well as observations collected in situ, remote sensing has also provided valuable datasets using both satellites and aircraft missions. Indeed, reviews include exhaustive bibliographies that catalogue early progress in the field, with commentaries from the heroic era of exploration, experimental studies in the 1930s, the introduction of mathematical sophistication in the 1950s and late 1960s, the influential work of Wadhams and others in the 1970s and 1980s -the latter prompted by the MIZEX campaign, and more recent further developments using powerful theoretical and numerical solution methods for both shore fast sea ice and the modestly sized ice floes of the marginal ice zone (MIZ). Ocean wave propagation into and within sea ice fields is a well-established geophysical research topic that is currently attracting renewed attention, prompted by recent adjustments to Arctic sea ice especially, which are occurring as a result of global climate warming. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of sea-ice phenomena’. Yet, in point of fact, it now appears that exponential decay may not be observed consistently and a more general equation of the type d A/d x = − αA n is proposed to allow for a broader range of attenuation behaviours should this be necessary to fit data. This is the solution of the simple first-order linear ordinary differential equation d A/d x = − αA, which follows from an Airy wave mode ansatz. Most parametrizations of wave propagation in sea ice assume without question that the frequency-dependent attenuation which is observed to occur with distance x travelled is exponential, i.e. Similarly, global wave forecasting models like WAVEWATCH III ® need better parametrizations to capture the effects of a sea ice cover such as the marginal ice zone on incoming wave energy.
Because of their capacity to alter floe size distribution and concentration and consequently to influence atmosphere-ocean fluxes, there is a compelling justification and demand to include waves in ice/ocean models and earth system models.
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